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Michela Miletto
WWAP, Coordinator a.i.

1
2
FRESHWATER AND
ENERGY ARE CRUCIAL
FOR HUMAN WELL
BEING AND SOCIOECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT

People without access to
improved water

0.76 billion

People whose right to
water is not satisfied

3.5 billion

People without access to
improved sanitation

2.5 billion

People lacking access to
electricity

1.3 billion

People using solid fuels for
cooking

2.6 billion

THE MAJORITY OF THE
UNSERVED
POPULATION RESIDES
IN LDCS AND SUBSAHARAN AFRICA IN
PARTICULAR
3
POPULATION USING SOLID FUELS FOR COOKING AND WITHOUT ACCESS TO
ELECTRICITY, IMPROVED WATER AND SANITATION
THE CASE OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
(selected representative countries):
Using solid
fuel for
cooking

No access to
electricity

No access to
improved
water

No access to
sanitation

78%

66%

31%

78%

IT IS NO COINCIDENCE THAT THE FIGURES CONCERNING ACCESS TO
WATER/SANITATION SERVICES AND ENERGY ALIGN SO WELL.
IT IS OFTEN THE SAME PEOPLE WHO ARE MISSING OUT ON BOTH.
4
WATER AVAILABILITY: APPROACHING CRITICAL LIMITS
Annual average scarcity in major river basins (1995-2005)

Increase of 1% per
year of total
freshwater
withdrawals (19872000)
Increase by 55% by
2050 of global water
demand in terms of
withdrawals
Map prepared for GEO5 (UNEP)

Map prepared for GEO5
(UNE 5
P)
WATER AVAILABILITY: APPROACHING CRITICAL LIMITS
Major aquifers

20% of the
world’s
aquifers are
over-exploited

Groundwater
abstraction increasing
by 1% -2% per year
Water stress of aquifers important for farming (Nature 488, 197–200)

6
HOW MUCH WATER IS REQUIRED FOR PRIMARY ENERGY
PRODUCTION?

Water withdrawals and consumption vary for fuel production (IEA, 2012)

7
GROWING DEMAND FOR ENERGY

(IEA, 2012).

Increase by 1/3 by 2035.
Currently, energy accounts for 15% of all freshwater withdrawals.

8
Fact: 80% of
the world’s
electricity is
provided by
fossil fuels and
nuclear power

WHERE DOES
OUR
ELECTRICITY
COME FROM?

Electrical
power
generation is
expected to
increase by
70% by 2035!
World electricity generation by source of energy in 2010

9
HOW MUCH WATER IS REQUIRED FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION?

Water use for electricity generation by cooling technology (IEA, 2012)

10
WHERE ARE WE HEADED?

New
technologies
largely
sustainable

Peaking
fossil fuels

Stanford University Global
Climate and Energy Project

11
THE OTHER SIDE OF THE NEXUS: ENERGY

WATER

12
FOSSIL FUELS AND ELECTRICITY GENERATION:

THE

CHALLENGE…

nuclear

approximately 90% of
global power
generation is water
intensive

natural gas
diesel

coal
oil

13
POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS?

HYDROPOWER

90% of expected increase in 2010-2035 would
be in non OECD Countries

Hydropower undeveloped potential

Africa

92%

Asia

80%

Australia/Ocea
nia

80%

Latin America

74%
14
POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS?

GEOTHERMAL

Use of geothermal energy for
power generation is
underdeveloped and its potential is
greatly underappreciated. It is
climate independent, produces
minimal or near-zero greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions,
does not consume water,
and its availability is
infinite at human time
scales.
From a water perspective,
solar photovoltaic and
wind are the most
sustainable sources for
power generation but
they provide an
intermittent service.

WIND
SOLAR

15
OPPORTUNITIES FOR SYNERGIES: CO-PRODUCING ENERGY
AND WATER SERVICES

•

•

•
•

Combined power
and desalination
plants
Alternative water
sources for thermal
power plant cooling
Combined heat and
power plants
Sewage water
energy recovery
16
Thank you

17

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Water and Energy Nexus and Challenges by Michela Miletto, World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP), Coordinator a.i.

  • 2. 2
  • 3. FRESHWATER AND ENERGY ARE CRUCIAL FOR HUMAN WELL BEING AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT People without access to improved water 0.76 billion People whose right to water is not satisfied 3.5 billion People without access to improved sanitation 2.5 billion People lacking access to electricity 1.3 billion People using solid fuels for cooking 2.6 billion THE MAJORITY OF THE UNSERVED POPULATION RESIDES IN LDCS AND SUBSAHARAN AFRICA IN PARTICULAR 3
  • 4. POPULATION USING SOLID FUELS FOR COOKING AND WITHOUT ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, IMPROVED WATER AND SANITATION THE CASE OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (selected representative countries): Using solid fuel for cooking No access to electricity No access to improved water No access to sanitation 78% 66% 31% 78% IT IS NO COINCIDENCE THAT THE FIGURES CONCERNING ACCESS TO WATER/SANITATION SERVICES AND ENERGY ALIGN SO WELL. IT IS OFTEN THE SAME PEOPLE WHO ARE MISSING OUT ON BOTH. 4
  • 5. WATER AVAILABILITY: APPROACHING CRITICAL LIMITS Annual average scarcity in major river basins (1995-2005) Increase of 1% per year of total freshwater withdrawals (19872000) Increase by 55% by 2050 of global water demand in terms of withdrawals Map prepared for GEO5 (UNEP) Map prepared for GEO5 (UNE 5 P)
  • 6. WATER AVAILABILITY: APPROACHING CRITICAL LIMITS Major aquifers 20% of the world’s aquifers are over-exploited Groundwater abstraction increasing by 1% -2% per year Water stress of aquifers important for farming (Nature 488, 197–200) 6
  • 7. HOW MUCH WATER IS REQUIRED FOR PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION? Water withdrawals and consumption vary for fuel production (IEA, 2012) 7
  • 8. GROWING DEMAND FOR ENERGY (IEA, 2012). Increase by 1/3 by 2035. Currently, energy accounts for 15% of all freshwater withdrawals. 8
  • 9. Fact: 80% of the world’s electricity is provided by fossil fuels and nuclear power WHERE DOES OUR ELECTRICITY COME FROM? Electrical power generation is expected to increase by 70% by 2035! World electricity generation by source of energy in 2010 9
  • 10. HOW MUCH WATER IS REQUIRED FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION? Water use for electricity generation by cooling technology (IEA, 2012) 10
  • 11. WHERE ARE WE HEADED? New technologies largely sustainable Peaking fossil fuels Stanford University Global Climate and Energy Project 11
  • 12. THE OTHER SIDE OF THE NEXUS: ENERGY WATER 12
  • 13. FOSSIL FUELS AND ELECTRICITY GENERATION: THE CHALLENGE… nuclear approximately 90% of global power generation is water intensive natural gas diesel coal oil 13
  • 14. POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS? HYDROPOWER 90% of expected increase in 2010-2035 would be in non OECD Countries Hydropower undeveloped potential Africa 92% Asia 80% Australia/Ocea nia 80% Latin America 74% 14
  • 15. POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS? GEOTHERMAL Use of geothermal energy for power generation is underdeveloped and its potential is greatly underappreciated. It is climate independent, produces minimal or near-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, does not consume water, and its availability is infinite at human time scales. From a water perspective, solar photovoltaic and wind are the most sustainable sources for power generation but they provide an intermittent service. WIND SOLAR 15
  • 16. OPPORTUNITIES FOR SYNERGIES: CO-PRODUCING ENERGY AND WATER SERVICES • • • • Combined power and desalination plants Alternative water sources for thermal power plant cooling Combined heat and power plants Sewage water energy recovery 16